Individual Freedom Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Individual Freedom - Assignment Example Warrants should always be obtained when doing search and seizures. Keywords: Introduction 1500 words In the history of the people of the United States, before it was known as such, the British were a ruling force in the land. In dealings with the British, much as was found in the homeland of Britain, there have been seizures of private property and belongings of the people without benefit of reason. When the Bill of Rights was created, the Fourth Amendment was also created which guaranteed the right of people to be secure in their homes, and that all possessions in their home and about their person, would also be safe , unless due cause could be shown and sworn to by the appropriate person (Franklin, Jefferson, & Madison, 2013). Therefore, such items which are confiscated during a search, and the search of a premise itself, conducted without benefit of a warrant, are not considered permissible in a court of law and during a trial (Coyle, 2013). 1.Enforcement of the Fourth Amendment h as been upheld in a number of cases since that time, including Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961) and Massiah v. United States, 377 U.S. 201 (1964), which was guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment, said that any statements of self-incrimination made by the defendant, without benefit of counsel being present, would be considered void (Coyle, 2013). Subsequently, the Supreme Court took a step further in the case of Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 439 (1966), emphasized that a statement must be read to each person, notifying them of the right to remain silent, so as to not incriminate themselves, and that anything said after that, would then be considered a confession and self-incriminating, valid for use in court as evidence (Coyle, 2013). Justice Bradley stated in the case of Weeks v. U.S., 232 U.S. 383 (1914), that in Boyd v. United States, 116 U.S. 616 (1886), the previous ruling made by Lord Camden in Entick v. Carrington, 19 Howell’s State Trials, 102 (1765), a British common law case concerning the liberties of people, declared that the defendants, who committed the trespass on John Entwick, were not guilty of trespassing when the king’s messengers broke into Entwick’s home and proceeded look through everything for four hours. They caused damage to the house and its contents, and also through removing possessions from the home in order to deliver them to Lord Halifax, who had issued that warrant. Yet it was shown by Justice Bradley, within the Weeks case, that on further review, Lord Halifax had no right to issue a warrant and therefore, the complaint by Entwick against Halifax, was sustained, based on English common laws (Findlaw, 2013). 2.Chief Justice John Marshall has stated that the founding fathers, in creating the Constitution, expected the people to observe the fundamental principles of freedom as set forth in the structure. People were to exhibit thoughtfulness and experience in giving meaning to these principles in an ever-changing w orld and yet, the Constitution must continue forward (Stone & Marshall, 2011). In the Fourth and Fifth Amendments of the Constitution, these principles were put into place because of past abuses by higher powers in search and seizures of people without regard to their rights as free humans. When a rumor could instigate a search and seizure, then all people were at risk of their liberty and would have to live in fear. Therefore, it was important that

Supply chain management definition Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Supply chain management definition - Case Study Example The service industry relies heavily on the customer experience as it is subjective and therefore introduces complexities into the supply chain. These complexities arise from the variety of goods and services demand from the customer, as they are not uniform in their demand. Therefore the value of the supply chain always starts with customer, as they want shorter times to market for new goods and services. The customer also wants some level of customisation and personalisation to their circumstances which means the service organisation has to reduce its inventories and keep lower stock to prevent losses from unsold stock. Lower unit costs allow the service organisation to pass on a cost advantage to the customer, and this involves improving its use of existing assets in the first instance to reduce disruption to its quality advantage. This essay will analyse a case study of Marks and Spencer and their management of the supply chain. ... Marks and Spencer (M&S) was established in an era where public opinion was still conservative and fashion dictated to the public. This was reflected in its styles and clothing lines, and its dated methods of supply chain management. M&S had two seasons which meant they had a large inventory and profits were dependent on the ability of the stores to clear this stock. This practice was significantly different to that of its competitors, who had realised that restructuring the supply chain process was the only way to meet the unstable customer demand. M&S had also failed to analyse its external environment, which led to its competitors gaining a competitive edge. For instance, Zara, a Spanish clothing retailer, had created its target market and its stock was only available in store for a maximum of 4 weeks, compared to 9 months for M&S. Zara was able to achieve this turnaround by managing its supply chain, which enabled it to be flexible to cope with fluctuating demands. The limited time for stock availability also meant that customers were exposed to more fashion ranges and designs and this created the perception of personalisation. So whilst Zara and other competitors were focussing their efforts on a niche market, M&S was still marketing to a non-descript market and not offering the choice, flexibility and speed demanded by the customer. M&S had failed to act on falling customer satisfaction ratings by simply ignoring them and not realising that part of this dissatisfaction lay in its earlier decision to withdraw the children's clothing range. By the time M&S had reached this realisation, profits had halved and the forecast was not promising. As they had not sold any of their stock, their warehouses were still filled with the previous

Are Criminals Born or Made Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Are Criminals Born or Made - Essay Example In spite of the efforts in this direction, crimes continue to exist and it can be concluded that the crimes will continue to exist and this problem cannot be solved. In order to solve this problem, it becomes necessary that the cause of the crimes or the reason why people commit crimes need to be analysed. Traditionally crime has been considered as associated with two domains by the specialists. The domains are the nature or the environment of the individuals including the family and the peers of the individuals. However, it must be noted that these specialists belong to different fields of science as the complexity and dynamics of crime extends to different areas, which are difficult to comprehend. Therefore, the statement "Are criminals born, or made" can be considered as When reference is made to the science of criminology automatically, reference is made to different branches of science such as psychology, genetics, sociology etc. The main purpose of criminology is to deal with crimes and criminals and solve this social problem. The main approaches to deal with the problem of crimes and their resolution are the natural approach and the environmental approach. The environmental approach deals with the circumstances that made an individual to commit a crime and it does not consider the hereditary or family background of the criminal. Whereas the natural approach is sure that the nature of the criminal, his or her genes, and heredity are the main reasons that make him/her commit the crimes.

Retailing Management - Target Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Retailing Management - Target - Research Paper Example The company makes its international strategy effective by incorporating its UK strategy and fine tuning it to suit the cultural differences in order to meet the specific needs and preferences of customers in the different international markets it operates in. In order to achieve excellence in international operations, Tesco needs to maintain consistency in its quality and consumer experience by venturing into the business insights (Tesco, 2011). The main and critical component in the Tesco’s decision making process is its web-based business intelligence application product. This application is recognized for its speed, functionality and the flexibility necessary for the timely delivery of fashion products to the Tesco users worldwide. This is based on the technology developed by Tesco along with its Group retail MIS system. The Group retail MIS system helps the company in identifying the key areas of operations, finance, customers and people. This guides and facilitates the to p management in measuring the store based performance of the company. Tesco’s strategic objectives thus have been focused upon the Group MIS which encourages and improvises on the local reporting and gives strategic insight into the functioning (Coriolis, 2004). Tesco: Environmental and Strategic analysis Understanding the environment and the influences which results from the changes provides different dimensions and challenges to strategic decision making but making sense of this diversity requires greater efforts and involves identifying the political, economic, social and technological influences which affect the organization. The PESTLE Analysis of Tesco involves the political environment which analyzes the local and national impact of the government. It also looks into the government laws and policies that have an impact on international business operations. The activity and momentum in the economy, such as fluctuations in the stock market and increase in the tax rates w ill have a significant impact on the company. Sociological factors include the changes in the culture and way of living of the people in general. It includes the changes in consumer behavior and their pattern of purchasing. For example, the new trend of e-commerce and online shopping brings in new technologies that the company will have to adapt. Environmental factors also play an important role as Tesco has to fulfill its corporate social responsibilities. It has to work on reducing the usage of fossil fuels in its transportation process (Case study, 2006). Possible environmental issues which Tesco will face in the near future are: Political - Ban of sale of alcohol to public above the age of 21 by the government. Economic - Implementation of tax on food by the government. Sociological- Tesco’s entry into US and Russia will help in expanding its operations and increasing its sales and profit levels. It helps in expanding the company’s horizon beyond the UK and overcom e cultural barriers. Technological- A significant part of Tesco’s distribution costs consists of hydrogen powered lorries. Legal- The task of paying huge compensation claims has been disputed by Tesco. Environmental- The changes in the climatic conditions could have an impact on suppliers’ strategies and objectives. Porters Five forces Model affecting Tesco The

Population and Evironment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Population and Evironment - Essay Example Population growth and environmental deterioration are directly linked together. Increased population has exacerbating impact on the anthropometrical damage to the environment. As the population increase, it puts extra pressure on the natural resources. More forests are cut, more land is used, and more industries are setup that creates industrial pollution. The air, water and soils are heavily polluted. In order to cope with this emerging situation the richer nations shift their industrial setups to the poorer nations and are always bent upon destroying the natural resources base of the poorer regions for their own benefits. This imbalance further destroys the opportunities for the poor of the world. Therefore the immediate solution is to strike a balance between population growth, development and ecological preservation. For instance, in the case of Uganda population in 1948, was just 5 million but by 2002 the population had grown five-fold to 24.4 million. If current rates of growth persist, population will hit 51.9 million in 2025. This situation has been wrongly obtained by the ill-conceived ideology of the Ugandan President who thought that he would develop the country on like Chinese model. Instead Uganda sunk into deeper poverty. Solution lies in the simple, quite

Interview for selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interview for selection - Essay Example The available data on the subject was analyzed and interpreted to briefly explain the details and technicalities which are used in conducting these resources and later on through the course of this report, two types of interviews that are most popular amongst organizations are discussed and explained. Their advantages and disadvantages of the usage of these two interview types are discusses along with a compare and contrast of the latter. Because of the physical presence of the candidate, job interviews tend to be the best way for communication. A candidate’s body language, confidence level, expressions, and communication skills can be most visible in his/her physical presence, it is believed that job interviews can play a major role in helping the organization to decide whether the employee can be a good fit for the organization or not. Interviews can either be conducted in a structured way with questions framed prior to the interview by the interview, or in an unstructured way where questions are asked according to the course of the conversation. Different types of Interviews are The Screening Interview, which are used to filter-out the best possible candidates based on general attributes such as confidence, stress management, previous work experience, adaptability etc. Then, Stress interviews are used to gauge how much stress can a person tolerate. Then comes behavioral interviews what gauge the past behavior of the employees. Meal-time interviews are held for positions which involve frequent interaction with the organization’s stakeholders to see how a candidate would act as a host and a guest (Dessler 2003). Group interviews are also used later in the Selection Process to get a complete picture of the personality and abilities of the candidates. Discussed following, are the compare and contrast, and adva ntages and disadvantages of Group Discussion Interviews and Group Panel Interviews that are

Effects of Welfare Reform Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Effects of Welfare Reform - Research Paper Example In US history, it was the 'New Deal' policies of a Democrat, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, that created the very infrastructure for welfare. The following will examine this divisive issue. The focus of this analysis, will be reforms made to the system in the State of Georgia, and it will be argued that there is a causal relationship between 'unemployment' and the number of people who apply for welfare. Therefore, the issue itself is 'economic' and not 'ideological', and this means that the divisions that exist on welfare reform are meaningless. Further, it will be demonstrated in this analysis that in spite of a long history of welfare-reform, current levels of social assistance payment in the State of Georgia are barely sufficient for just subsistence. As mentioned, welfare in the United States (and Georgia) has its origins during the period the Depression. After the stock-market crash of 1929, what followed was the era known as the Great Depression, and one of the defining socio-econo mic features of this era, was high unemployment coupled with no social safety net. As had been a long-history to that era, if an individual or family was so destitute that they cannot even afford to subsist, they had only the Church to turn to for aid. By the 1930's, economists maintained that the only way to get out of a condition of high unemployment, was to transfer money to those who are most desperate [Weir and Orloff 155-6]. Economists, like John Maynard Keynes believed that if the poor had more or just some money to spend, they would be in a better position to help themselves find gainful employment and they would also have disposable income to put back into the economy [Weir and Orloff 154]. That is, it was maintained that even buying groceries or necessities helped the economy overall by creating employment in those areas that served the very poorest. What is important to stress, is that it was an act of kindness that prompted the government to create social assistance or w elfare, rather, the establishment of the the 'welfare state' was believed to be good for the economy overall. Thus, the establishment in 1935 of the Social Security Act represents the beginning of the welfare-state in the US [Weir and Orloff 235]. While it might seem unnecessary or a waste of space, to trace the origins of the Welfare State in the US, it is important to stress that most of the reform that has happened to Social Assistance in the last thirty-years, is based on a very focus challenge to some of the assumptions that drove the establishment of government programs in the 1930's. In particular, what has been the focus of the current agenda of reform, is a direct extension of the basic economic assumptions that were there in the 1930's. The rise of neo-liberalism or new conservative politics maintains that reducing government expenditures improves the economy. If the government taxed less, and spent less, more money would be in circulation in the private sector. Further, t he private sector itself is the very engine for job growth [Streissguth 33]. If corporations were paying less in taxes, they would have more money to spend on re-investment and growth. These factors have much to do with the creation of jobs. Thus, during the 1990's, welfare reform was driven by reducing taxes, reducing governme