The Spanish And Mexican Period - 1990 Words

1. The story line I am going to talk about is power and oppression, throughout California s history there has been many events of power and oppression that has shaped California’s history in many ways. I selected this storyline because I am able to relate many of these events that have happened throughout history. I will described the Spanish and Mexican period, the Americanization period, the early 20th century, and the late 20th century to today. First I will begin with the Spanish and Mexican period 1776-1846, during these period we could see that there was a lot of power and oppression that started with the Spanish conquest to expand their colonization. The spanish brought with them christianity trying to convert Native Americans to become that same religion, the spanish developed a series of presidios, missions, and pueblos in the lands of Native Americans where they were forced to change their religion, customs, and culture to become part of the Spanish. Many Native Americans were killed by the Spanish soldiers when they would decline to change their way of living. The Spanish practice oppression trying to convert this people into christianity this is an example of the power and oppression the spanish used during these period of time. After Mexico became independent from the Spanish empire the Mexican government took control of California and during these period, the Mexican government put an end to the mission/presidio system. The Mexican government allowedShow MoreRelatedThe Struggles And Inequalities Of Mexican Americans1264 Words   |  6 PagesIn the educational setting, Mexican Americans have faced discrimination, segregation, and inequality for many years. This paper discusses the struggles and inequalities that Mexican Americans have faced in education. I will focus on different educational time periods and discuss the problems and struggles that occurred in those time periods. The time periods that I give focus to include education in the Spanish-Mexican era (1519-1848), education and early Anglo rule in the Southwest (1836-1890),Read MoreThe Languages and Cuisine of Mexico Essays863 Words   |  4 Pagesoverwhelming majority of Mexicans today speak Spanish making it the largest Spanish speaking population in the world there is no single official national language of Mexico. The colonizers of Mexico forced the Spanish language on the natives, but in the 1990s the government recognized 6 2 indigenous Amerindian languages, including Aztec, or Nahuatl, and the Mayan family of languages, as national languages. About 6 % of the population is non-Spanish speaking, and some indigenous Mexican words have becomeRead More Recovering History, Constructing Race: the Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans1677 Words   |  7 PagesRecovering History, Constructing Race: the Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans Recovering Aztlan : Racial Formation Through a Shared History (1) Traditionally history of the Americas and American population has been taught in a direction heading west from Europe to the California frontier. In Recovering History, Constructing Race, Martha Mencahca locates the origins of the history of the Americas in a floral pattern where migration from Asia, Europe, and Africa both voluntaryRead MoreThe American Of American History1199 Words   |  5 Pageson. It also tends to disregard, until the Mexican War is talk about, that the whole Southwest, from Texas westward to California, was a Spanish-speaking territory with its own individual heritage, culture, and customs for several decades. The Spanish-speaking citizens of the United States who were combined into the country as a result of the Mexican War are called Mexican Americans. Their numbers have since enlarged as a result of immigration. Other Spanish-speaking citizens came from Cuba and PuertoRead MoreMexico : A Place Where We Can Tour And Vacation1087 Words   |  5 PagesThos e living in Mexico live different lives than we do in the United States (Mexico, 2012.). About 7000 B.C., Mexicans learned to grow plants for food and soon after, they were able to settle in villages and those villages later became towns (Mexico, 2012.). Mexico at that time suffered as a Spanish colony for over 300 years and was a â€Å"feudal† country (Mexico, 2012). Before the Spanish came to Mexico, it was home to different native cultures spreading from what is now known as the southwesternRead MoreThe Mexican Revolution : The Golden Age Of Mexican Cinema1315 Words   |  6 PagesThe Mexican revolution has been hailed as a struggle to radically shift an authoritarian government by giving more power to the people and making the voices heard of the oppressed Mexican class. However, the narrative that has been told about the revolution has been romanticized overtime, and what happened in the nation after the revolution shows even more how there wasn’t a real sense of justice for everyone in Mexico. Mexico’s struggle to make sense of their identity through this time period canRead MoreThe Spanish Colonization Of Latin America1270 Words   |  6 PagesBecause the Indians and Spanish lived in different areas in Latin America, the Indian culture and society did not change significantly. Or did there society change? The Spanish colonizers had a huge influence on the indigenous peoples of Mexico and Peru’s, culture, language, traditions, religion, even on their native food. One can say that this came into being shortly after Columbus discovered the New World. The Spanish conquistadors, who sailed with Columbus to the New World, were the first toRead MoreThe Spanish Colonization Of Latin America Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesBecause the Indians and Spanish lived in different areas in Latin America, the Indian culture and society did not change significantly. Or did there society change? The Spanish colonizers had a huge influence on the indigenous peoples of Mexico and Peru’s, culture, language, traditions, religion, even on their native food. One can say that this came into being shortly after Columbus discovered the New World. The Spanish conquistadors, who sailed with Columbus to the New World, were the first toRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Mexican Immigration, A Form Of Control And Dominance1168 Words   |  5 Pageslanguage holds a society together and allows communication and trust across communities† (pg. 348). So if there is another language such as Spanish then the English language us no longer the â€Å"powerful† language. By enforcing English language it is a form of control and dominance. b. â€Å"Coded language† and its use in perpetuating a negative attitude toward Mexico and Mexicans in this country. - Negativity,†coded language has usually been away for the oppressed to disguise their criticism of those in power†Read MoreAnglo Expansion : B. A Frontier State Of Mexico1222 Words   |  5 Pagesof the Spanish colonization the culture was clear in the present-day Texas region, and many people inhabited in that area also perish. From that time Texas was transformation in different colonial power until to join the unite state. The transformation was takes place from colonial period of Spanish, Mexican, and finally to the Unite State. The first historical document related to Texas was a map of the Gulf Coast, created in 1519 by Spanish explorer Nine years later, shipwrecked Spanish explorer

Analysis Of The Stakeholder Management Process Essay

ANALYSIS: The analysis of the stakeholder management process forms a very integral role in bringing up the expertise and under playing the strategies of carefully managing the stakeholders accordingly to their power and legitimacy. The different templates are used in bringing up the analysis of the process so as to technically prove the inference that these external bodies brought onto the project. The following are the different templates that establishes the role of the stakeholders more prominently and are very necessary and basic for the analysis phase of the project. POWER INTEREST MATRIX: 2 5 1 3 8 9 6 7 4 10 POWER Thus the power interest matrix shows the different entities and places them according to their effectiveness on the project and at what extent they can influence the project are given numeric value approximately to depict the same. CONFLICTS OF KEYShow MoreRelatedHow Business Process Management ( Bpm )1339 Words   |  6 Pagesthe concept of Business Process Reengineering (BPR) quickly caught the imaginations of corporate leaders. (Kettinger et al., 2007). The recruitment process in the Public Service - Office of the Prime Minister is indeed a long process and the question is, how Business Process Management (BPM) principles and technologies can be used to shorten the recruitment process within the Office of the Prime Minister? According to (Harmon, 2003) â€Å"Definitions of Business Process Management (BPM) range from IT-focusedRead MoreStakeholder Identification And Prioritization Using A Case Study Of Stakeholder Management782 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to examine stakeholder identification and prioritization using a case study of stakeholder management of business changes resulting from a federal mandated in Medicaid payment at Blue Cross Blue Shield Nebraska (BCBSNE). 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This is the stage where the risk management plan is established with intentions on explaining how it is going to manageRead MoreStrategic Management At Blue Cross Blue Shield Nebraska ( Bcbsne )1282 Words   |  6 Pages(and why) managers might go about using stakeholder identification and analysis techniques to help their organizations meet their missions and create public value. Within the practice of strategic management in different public and nonprofit organizations, however, a range of stakeholder identification and analysis techniques are used. The purpose of this paper is to examine stakeholder identification and prioritization using a case study of stakeholder management of business changes resulting from aRead MoreBusiness For Social Responsibility ( Bsr )1278 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study 1: Stakeholder Mapping Introduction Business for Social Responsibility (BSR) is an international nonprofit organization that aims to â€Å"work with business to create a just and sustainable world† (BSR, 2014). To achieve this mission, BSR promotes collaboration and strategic planning in order to catalyze behavioral change (BSR, 2014). With a mission to drive social and environmental innovation, stakeholder analysis is a core competency at BSR. This organization has developed a five-step modelRead MoreMeasuring Performance, Cost, And Scheduling837 Words   |  4 PagesAnalyzing a project’s earned value is necessary when reporting to stakeholders. The data must be comprehensive in nature to ensure stakeholders appreciate the assessment of the project in its current status. Measuring performance is critical throughout the duration of the project because project managers and stakeholders can make acute decisions relating to scope creep, crashing a project, or quality in performance or product. Earn value an alysis link the project’s baseline plan to the current status andRead MoreProject Management, Project Communication, And Project Stakeholder Management797 Words   |  4 Pagesproject management that stood out while taking this program. Project integrated management, project communication, and project stakeholder management. A discussion on how they are executed will be presented. As more courses were taken during this project management graduate program, many of the project management concepts became clear and revealed more of the interdependencies and intricate dynamics that are required for successful project management. Stakeholder Management Project Stakeholder ManagementRead MoreCommon Characteristics Of Mega Construction Projects Essay1325 Words   |  6 Pagesinclude multiple stakeholders: Organizations, Clients, Governments sometimes, Consultants and the Recipients. Therefore, variable conflicts might occur between these stakeholders as a result of variations in interests, requirements, perspectives, expectations or methods of communication. Many studies have addressed this partials with the aim to improve and develop the briefing process, where lots of conceptual frameworks were initiated to manage and control multiple stakeholders but it still a majorRead MoreManaging Stakeholder Expectations : Gavin Davies1667 Words   |  7 Pages Managing Stakeholder Expectations Gavin Davies of Tremendous Training states â€Å"Start any project with your stakeholders in mind†. The project manager has two primary goals. A project is successful when it achieves all stated objectives, as well as meets the expectations of the stakeholders. Managing various stakeholder expectations is important. The success of a project can rely on how the project manager communicates with and handles the expectations of stakeholders. In a software developmentRead MoreEvaluation Of Internal And External Factors On Project Management Process1728 Words   |  7 PagesIntegrated Project Management Assignment 2B: Impact Analysis Report. Nathalia Vasques Mari – Student ID: 00159199T Contents Evaluation of Internal and External Factors and their impact on Project Management Process 3 Internal Risks 3 External Risks 3 Enterprise Environmental Factors 3 Organizational Process Assets 4 The Difference between Organizational Process Assets and Enterprise Environmental Factors 5 Communication on project management process and outcomes to diverse stakeholders 5 References

The Return Shadow Souls Chapter 6 Free Essays

string(81) " out and it was holding the most beautiful rose Elena had ever seen in her life\." Elena was using all her considerable talents at negotiation to calm Matt down, encouraging him to order a second and third Belgian waffle; smiling at him across the table. But it wasn’t much good. Matt was moving as if he were driven to rush, while at the same time he couldn’t take his eyes off her. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 6 or any similar topic only for you Order Now He’s still imagining Damon swooping down and terrorizing some young girl, Elena thought helplessly. Damon wasn’t there when they stepped out of the coffee shop. Elena saw the frown between Matt’s eyebrows begin and had a brainstorm. â€Å"Why don’t we take the Jag to a used-car dealership? If we’re going to give up the Jaguar, I want your advice on what we get in return.† â€Å"Yeah, my advice on beat-up, falling-apart heaps has got to be the best,† Matt said, with a wry smile that said he knew Elena was managing him, but he didn’t mind. The single car dealership in the town didn’t look very promising. But even it was not as depressed-looking as the owner of the lot. Elena and Matt found him asleep inside a small office building with dirty windows. Matt tapped gently on the smudged window and eventually the man started, jerked up in his chair, and angrily waved them away. But Matt tapped again on the window when the man began to put his head down once more, and this time the man sat up very slowly, gave them a look of bitter despair, and came to the door. â€Å"What do you want?† he demanded. â€Å"A trade-in,† Matt said loudly before Elena could say it softly. â€Å"You teenagers have a car to trade,† the little man said darkly. â€Å"In all my twenty years owning this place – â€Å" â€Å"Look.† Matt stepped back to reveal the brilliant red Jag shining in the morning sun like a giant rose on wheels. â€Å"A brand-new Jaguar XZR. Zero to sixty in 3.7 seconds! A 550-horsepower supercharged AJ-V8 GEN III R engine with 6-speed ZF automatic transmission! Adaptive Dynamics and Active Differential for exceptional traction and handling! There is no car like the XZR!† Matt finished nose to nose with the little man, whose mouth had slowly come open as his eyes flickered between the car and the boy. â€Å"You want to trade that in for something on this lot?† he said, shocked into frank disbelief. â€Å"As if I’d have the cash to – waitaminute!† he interrupted himself. His eyes stopped flickering and became the eyes of a poker player. His shoulders came up, but his head didn’t, giving him the appearance of a vulture. â€Å"Don’t want it,† he said flatly and made as if to go back into the office. â€Å"What do you mean you don’t want it? You were drooling over it a minute ago!† Matt shouted, but the man had stopped wincing. His expression didn’t change. I should have done the talking, Elena thought. I wouldn’t have gotten into a war from word one – but it’s too late now. She tried to shut out the male voices and looked at the dilapidated cars on the lot, each with its own dusty little sign tucked into the windshield: 10 PERCENT OFF FOR XMAS! EASY CREDIT! CLEAN! GRANNY-OWNED SPECIAL! NO DOWN-PAYMENT! CHECK IT OUT! She was afraid she was going to burst into tears at any second. â€Å"No call for a car like that around here,† the owner was saying expressionlessly. â€Å"Who’d buy it?† â€Å"You’re crazy! This car will bring customers flocking in. It’s – it’s advertising! Better than that purple hippo over there.† â€Å"Not a hippo. S’an elephant.† â€Å"Who can tell, with it half deflated like that?† With dignity, the owner stalked over to look at the Jag. â€Å"Not brand-new. S’got too many miles on it.† â€Å"It was bought only two weeks ago.† â€Å"So? In a few more weeks, Jaguar will be advertising next year’s cars.† The owner waved a hand at Elena’s giant rose of a vehicle. â€Å"Obsolete.† â€Å"Obsolete!† â€Å"Yeah. Big car like this, gas guzzler – â€Å" â€Å"It’s more energy efficient than a hybrid – !† â€Å"You think people know that? They see it – â€Å" â€Å"Look, I could take this car anywhere else – â€Å" â€Å"Then take it. On my lot, here and now, that car is barely worth one car in exchange!† â€Å"Two cars.† The new voice came from directly behind Matt and Elena, but the car dealer’s eyes widened as if he had just seen a ghost. Elena turned and met Damon’s unfathomable black gaze. He had his Ray-Bans hooked over his T-shirt and was standing with his hands behind his back. He was looking hard at the car dealer. A few moments passed, and then†¦ â€Å"The†¦silver Prius in the back right corner. Under†¦under the awning,† the car dealer said slowly, and with a dazed expression – in answer to no question that had been asked aloud. â€Å"I’ll†¦take you there,† he added in a voice to match his expression. â€Å"Take the keys with you. Let the boy test-drive it,† Damon ordered, and the owner fumbled to show a key ring at his belt, and then walked slowly away, staring at nothing. Elena turned to Damon. â€Å"One guess. You asked him which was the best car on his lot.† â€Å"Substitute ‘least disgusting’ and you’d be closer,† Damon said. He flashed a brilliant smile at her for a tenth of a second, and then turned it off. â€Å"But, Damon, why two cars? I know it’s more fair and all, but what are we going to do with the second car?† â€Å"Caravan,† Damon said. â€Å"Oh, no.† But even Elena could see the benefits of this – at least after they held a summit to decide on a rotation schedule between the cars for Elena. She sighed. â€Å"Well – if Matt agrees†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Mutt will agree,† Damon said, looking very briefly – very briefly – as innocent as an angel. â€Å"What have you got behind your back?† Elena said, deciding not to pursue the question of what Damon intended to do to Matt. Damon smiled again, but this time it was an odd smile, just a quirk of one side of his mouth. His eyes said it was nothing much. But his right hand came out and it was holding the most beautiful rose Elena had ever seen in her life. You read "The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 6" in category "Essay examples" It was the deepest red rose she had ever seen, yet there wasn’t a hint of purple to it – it was just velvety burgundy, and open at exactly the moment of full bloom. It looked as if it would be plush to the touch, and its vivid green stem, with just a few delicate leaves here and there, was at least eighteen inches long and straight as a ruler. Elena resolutely put her own hands behind her back. Damon wasn’t the sentimental type – even when he got on his â€Å"Princess of the Night† soapbox. The rose probably had something to do with their journey. â€Å"Don’t you like it?† Damon said. Elena might be imagining it, but it almost sounded as if he were disappointed. â€Å"Of course I like it. What’s it for?† Damon settled back. â€Å"It’s for you, Princess,† he said, looking hurt. â€Å"Don’t worry; I didn’t steal it.† No – he wouldn’t have stolen it. Elena knew exactly how he would have gotten the rose†¦but it was so pretty†¦. As she still made no move to take the rose, Damon lifted it and allowed the cool, silky-feeling petals to caress her cheek. It made her shiver. â€Å"Stop it, Damon,† she murmured, but she didn’t seem to be able to step backward. He didn’t stop. He used the cool, softly rustling petals to outline the other side of her face. Elena took a deep breath automatically, but what she smelled was not flowerlike at all. It was the smell of some dark, dark wine, something ancient and fragrant that had once made her drunk immediately. Drunk on Black Magic and on her own heady excitement†¦just to be with Damon. But that wasn’t the real me, a small voice in her head protested. I love Stefan. Damon†¦I want†¦I want to†¦ â€Å"Do you want to know why I got this particular rose?† Damon was saying softly, his voice blending in with her memories. â€Å"I got it because of its name. It’s a Black Magic rose.† â€Å"Yes,† Elena said simply. She’d known that before he said it. It was the only name that fit. Now Damon was giving her a rose kiss by swirling the blossom in a circle on her cheek and then applying pressure. The firmer petals in the middle pressed into her skin, while the outer petals just brushed it. Elena was feeling distinctly light-headed. The day was warm and humid already; how could the rose feel so cool? Now the outermost petals had moved to trace her lips, and she wanted to say no, but somehow the word wouldn’t come. It was as if she had been transported back in time, back to the days when Damon had first appeared to her, had first claimed her for his own. When she had almost let him kiss her before she knew his name†¦. He hadn’t changed his ideas since then. Vaguely, Elena remembered thinking something like that before. Damon changed other people while remaining unchanged himself. But I’ve changed, Elena thought, and suddenly there was quicksand under her feet. I’ve changed so much since then. Enough to see things in Damon I’d never imagined could be there. Not just the wild and angry dark parts, but the gentle parts. The honor and decency that were trapped like veins of gold inside that stone boulder in his mind. I have to help him, Elena thought. Somehow, I have to help him – and the little boy chained outside the boulder. These thoughts had trickled slowly through her mind while it seemed separated from her body. She was so involved with them, in fact, that she somehow lost track of her body, and only now did she realize how much closer Damon had gotten. Her back was against one of the sad, sagging cars. And Damon was speaking lightly, but with an undertone of seriousness. â€Å"A rose for a kiss, then?† he asked. â€Å"It is called Black Magic, and I did come by it honestly. Her name was†¦it was†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Damon stopped, and for a moment a look of intense bewilderment flashed across his face. Then he smiled, but it was the warrior’s smile, the brilliant one he turned on and off almost before you were sure you had seen it. Elena sensed trouble. Sure, Damon still didn’t remember Matt’s name correctly, but she had never known him to forget a girl’s name when he was really trying to remember. Especially within minutes of when he must have fed from that girl. Shinichi again? Elena wondered. Was he still taking Damon’s memories – only the highlights, of course? The thrills, good or bad? Elena knew that Damon himself was thinking the same thing. His black eyes were smoldering. Damon was furious – but there was a certain vulnerability about his fury. Without thinking, Elena put her hands on Damon’s forearms. She ignored the rose, even as he traced the curve of her cheekbone with it. She tried to speak steadily. â€Å"Damon, what are we going to do?† That was the scene that Matt walked in on. Ran in on, actually. He came weaving through a maze of cars, and dashed around a white SUV with one flat tire, shouting, â€Å"Hey, you guys, that Prius is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And then he stopped dead. Elena knew what he was seeing: Damon caressing her with the rose, while she was practically embracing him. She let go of Damon’s arms, but she couldn’t back away from him because of the car behind her. â€Å"Matt – † Elena began, and then her voice trailed off. She had been about to say â€Å"This isn’t what it looks like. We’re not in the middle of a cuddle. I’m not really touching him.† But this was what it looked like. She cared about Damon; she had been trying to get through to him†¦. With a small shock, that thought repeated itself with the force of a shaft of sunlight shooting through an unprotected vampire’s body. She cared about Damon. She really did. It was usually difficult being with him because they were alike in so many ways. Headstrong, each wanting their own way, passionate, impatient†¦ She and Damon were alike. Small shocks were going though Elena, and her entire body felt weak. She found herself glad to lean against the car behind her, even though it must be getting dust all over her clothes. I love Stefan, she thought almost hysterically. He’s the only one I love. But I need Damon to get to him. And Damon may be falling to pieces in front of me. She was looking at Matt all the while, her eyes full of tears that would not fall. She blinked, but they stubbornly stayed on her lashes. â€Å"Matt†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she whispered. He said nothing. He didn’t need to. It was all in his expression: astonishment turning to something Elena had never seen before, not when he was looking at her. It was a sort of alienation that shut her out completely, that severed any bonds between them. â€Å"Matt, no†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But it came out in a whisper. And then, to her astonishment, Damon spoke. â€Å"You do know it’s all me, don’t you? You can hardly blame a girl for trying to defend herself.† Elena looked at her hands, which were shaking now. Damon was going on, â€Å"You know it’s all my fault. Elena would never – â€Å" That was when Elena realized. Damon was Influencing Matt. â€Å"No!† She took Damon off guard, grabbing him again, shaking him. â€Å"Don’t do it! Not to Matt!† The black eyes that were turned on hers were definitely not those of a suitor. Damon had been interrupted in the use of his Power. If it had been anyone else, they would have ended as a small spot of grease on the ground. â€Å"I’m saving you,† Damon said coldly. â€Å"Are you refusing me?† Elena found herself wavering. Maybe, if it was only once, and only for Matt’s benefit†¦ Something surged up inside her. It was all she could do not to let her aura escape completely. â€Å"Never try that on me again,† Elena said. Her voice was quiet but icy. â€Å"Don’t you dare ever try to Influence me! And leave Matt alone!† Something like approval flickered in the endless darkness of Damon’s gaze. It was gone before she could be sure she’d seen it. But when he spoke, he seemed less distant. â€Å"All right,† he said to Matt. â€Å"What’s the game plan now? You name it.† Matt answered slowly, not looking at either of them. He was flushed but deadly calm. â€Å"I was going to say, that Prius isn’t bad at all. And the dealer guy has another one. It’s in okay condition. We could have two cars just alike.† â€Å"And then we could caravan and split up if someone was following us! They won’t know which to follow.† Normally Elena would have thrown her arms around Matt at this point. But Matt was looking at his shoes, which was probably just as well really, since Damon had his eyes shut and was shaking his head slightly as if he couldn’t believe something idiotic. That’s right, Elena thought. It’s my aura – or Damon’s – that they’re homing in on. We can’t confuse them with identical cars unless we have identical auras, too. Which really meant that she should drive with Matt the whole way. But Damon would never accept that. And she needed Damon to get to her beloved, her one and only, her true mate: Stefan. â€Å"I’ll take the ratty one,† Matt was saying, arranging it with Damon and ignoring her. â€Å"I’m used to ratty cars. I already arranged a deal with the guy. We should get going.† Still speaking only to Damon, he said, â€Å"You’ll have to tell me where we’re really going. We might get separated.† Damon was silent for a long moment. Then, brusquely, he said, â€Å"Sedona, Arizona, for a start.† Matt looked disgusted. â€Å"That place full of New Age lunatics? You’re kidding.† â€Å"I said we’ll start out from Sedona. It’s complete wilderness – nothing but rock – all around it. You could get lost†¦very easily.† Damon flashed the brilliant smile and instantly turned it off. â€Å"We’ll be at the Juniper Resort, off North Highway 89A,† he added smoothly. â€Å"I’ve got it,† Matt said. Elena could see no emotion in either his face or his expression, but his aura was seething red. â€Å"Now, Matt,† Elena began, â€Å"we should really meet every night, so if you just follow us – † She broke off with a sharply inhaled breath. Matt had already turned around. He didn’t turn back when she spoke. He just kept going, without another word. Without a backward glance. How to cite The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 6, Essay examples

Spaceships free essay sample

â€Å"Things do not change, we change† –Thoreau â€Å"†¦and all you have to do is turn this little wheel† â€Å"Like this Dad?† I ask unsure of myself. â€Å"Yup, just like that, and then you push that button right there,† Dad explains as he points to the little gray button atop the ten-dollar plastic camera. â€Å"But first, look through that little window at the top, and point it at something you want to take a picture of.† I align my eye with the small plastic window. Shape, line, light as if hidden by some heavy haze previously, now rush to my eye as I gaze at the enormity of the Saturn IV rocket residing in one of Kennedy Space Center’s massive arena-like buildings. I point my eye towards the massive white missile. As I press the weight of my plump pointer finger upon the button, light emits from the camera’s flash and the lens blinks its beady eye. We will write a custom essay sample on Spaceships or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was hooked. From there Dad taught me all the need-to-knows about photography; using our family’s first digital a brick of a camera some call a Fujitec; basic photo composition, with his Powershot; how to offset the exposure time, and with our 35 millimeter Canon Rebel, now my prize possession; aperture and shutter-speed. With these skills came a fierce freedom. The freedom to communicate. To speak with a medium of expression stronger than any spoken sentence or written word; the liberty to express bluntly with blacks and whites, but also the ability to convey my confusion through countless shades of gray, and a jumbled mess of colors. Words and punctuation replaced by grains and pixels. Grammar rules swap with emotion. College ruled paper becomes 35mm film. Pens and pencils exchanged for my camera, my third eye; behind which, I am safe. I can see the world, capture it, and hide from it all in one. I feel distanced, unaffected, disconnected, even though as I examine I p roduce a web of film; forever intertwining my camera, my subject, and me. Here I sit, holding that same plastic box that captured the delights of spaceships, satellites, and smiles. The bold letters of my name etched in yellow marker in mother’s handwriting, still there on its back to separate it from the cameras of my siblings. Once more I hold the camera’s slick black body against my face, and peer through the foggy viewing window. No spaceships.

Addiction †Long Days Journey Into Night

Addiction – Long Days Journey Into Night Free Online Research Papers I chose to discuss addiction because of how greatly it effects the characters through the plot line of Long Days Journey Into Night. I found a parallel between the Tyrone family and my own family in dealing with bouts of addiction that have plagued one of my family members. On one hand you hope to go God that this time is the last time, and that everything will be alright once they return from receiving help, yet you can’t help but be suspicious. I think the suspiciousness comes rightly so. You want to help this person, but it seems they refuse to help themselves. The Tyrone family has a larger problem because the addict is the family’s matriarch. In my family the addiction came after a terrible motorcycle accident in which my family member was literally screwed back together and had to take copious amounts of pain medication. In the play Mary Tyrone becomes addicted to Morphine originally from birth complications with her second child. It is not clear whether Mary has any residual pain or has permanent physical damage which causes her to take morphine or she is just addicted. This play takes place in 1912 and for many years addiction to opiates and other narcotics has been an undertone of American society. In movies that take place in the late 1800’s you commonly see people prescribed opiates for chronic headaches and body pains, sometimes this prescription ends up in addiction. In this early era of modern America there wasn’t any reason for a doctor not to feed a patient addiction, most addicts were able to function in society, and the doctors were making money. In the case I personally know, the addict was eventually cut off from the prescription because as time passed and clinical investigation showed, there was reason to abdicate pharmaceutical pain relief. This person was still very young, and accesses to other forms of â€Å"pain relief† were readily available, especially in the 1980’s with the introduction of crack-cocaine which stemmed from the hype of cocaine. The main culprit of this story, Opium which is cultivated from the Poppy plant, has been around for almost as long as man has had anything considered civilization. The act of growing, cultivating and using opium has been passed down through the millennia from civilization to major civilization and is still used today. For the first few thousand years of its life opium was highly prized and a staple object of trade status between major ancient civilizations, it was introduced to the East a few hundred years after Christ’s death by Arab traders. Not until the Holy Inquisition, like many regular practices, was heroin first seen in a negative light. In the mid 16th century opium was first prescribed as a painkiller. Opium’s status as an effective painkiller grew into the 19th century, products produced containing opium were even administered to children as pacifiers and cold remedies. In the late 1800’s opium transformed into what we still call morphine. Although its trade had strict tariffs and was relatively expensive it was regularly used. American’s commonly came under the spell of opium and morphine addiction as clearly displayed in Mary Tyrone’s character. The second oldest narcotic still used today is cocaine, which has historically been used by the people who first discovered it in the mountains of South America as a stimulant. The natives ate the leaves of a Cocoa plant to give them energy in the high altitudes which lacked normal amounts of oxygen. Of course they didn’t know the whys or wherefores to this discovery, all they knew was that it helped. The original form used by the natives was no where near as potent as it is today, the dosage the raw leaves delivered was minimal and the chance of addiction was slim to none. In the 1850’s cocaine was enhanced to basically its current form. Cocaine was around in its more potent form for about twenty five years before it was noticed by the medical community. As time went on people in the upper levels of society began to use cocaine as an â€Å"in thing† and cocaine was well touted through the turn of the century and into the early 1900’s. Cocaine usage had much support from people like Sigmund Feud, Thomas Edison, and Hollywood film stars. Many silent films of the era contained positive messages about cocaine, all coming at a time of new things and new beginnings, consequently cocaine grew in popularity. Coca Cola even devoted a large portion of their advertising scheme to endorse the fact that their product contained cocaine. Regardless of the restrictions placed on cocaine it always managed to have a following thus creating a strong market. Through experimentation cocaine found a rebirth in crack-cocaine during the 1980’s. When â€Å"crack† hit the scene it was immediately heralded as the do all end all drug in society, dealers made massive amounts of money, and the addicts were hit hard. Crack provides the same euphoric sensations as cocaine only ten times as strong producing addictive qualities that are also ten times as strong. With such a long history of drug use and abuse coupled with addiction its clear to see how we as a society have become so hell bent of limiting the sale and use of narcotics in the United States. The effects of a serious addiction on a person’s life are devastating, sometimes fatal, and definitely destructive. In the case of the Tyrone family portrayed in Long Days Journey Into Darkness the children and patriarch do not trust their own mother and wife. The setting of the play is a short time after Mary has returned home from a sanatorium staving off her morphine addiction. It is apparent through dialogue that it wasn’t the first time she had a problem with morphine, but this time was supposed to be different. As the play progresses it becomes apparent to the characters that Mary has not beaten the addiction fully and still has a serious problem. Throughout the play she creates schemes to run off and do more morphine all the while blaming her family for spying on h er and scolds them for their distrust. It is evident that her behavior is putting monumental amounts of negative stress on their home life. The entire calamity portrayed in Long Days Journey Into Darkness I have seen for myself and wouldn’t wish it on my own worst enemies family. I personally have never dealt with an addiction of any sort but I have always believed in the virtue that a man must have a vice. When that vice begins to destroy the life around you, that’s when it becomes a problem, when nothing else but a substance or action matters to a person they should seek help. I believe drug addiction is one of the worst problems currently facing America, especially with the invention of new stronger narcotics, as seen with the recent sky rocket use of meth-amphetamine. I hope to see more plays and movies like this one so finally the millennia old problem of drug abuse can be stopped. BIBLIOGRAPHY heroinaddiction.com/heroin_timeline.html morphineaddiction.com/ Cocaine Addiction Information and Assistance Research Papers on Addiction - Long Days Journey Into NightPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital PunishmentThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductGenetic EngineeringThe Spring and AutumnCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

Farewell To Manzanar Essays - Internment Camps, Free Essays

Farewell To Manzanar Essays - Internment Camps, Free Essays Farewell To Manzanar I decided to read, Farewell to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston and James D. Houston. This book is about the Japanese internment camps that were set up in America during World War II, and how it affected this particular family. It tells the story of the separation of the family members, hardships, and hatred that they had to live with during this time period. It also helps to open our eyes to the irony of the whole situation, and how our government can contradict themselves over some of the issues we were fighting for. The book tells the story from Jeanne Wakatsuki, the main character, point of view, and how she and her family struggled to make it through this time period in American History. The book is told from Jeannes own experiences in her own town, how her peers at school treated her, and what it was like being uprooted from their home and being put into the Japanese internment camp of Manzanar. The book with the news of Pearl Harbor, and the reactions from the Wakatsuki family. It also begins with her father being taken away for supposedly supplying oil to Japanese submarines of the coast while he was fishing. It also goes into some detail on how their neighbors, and people throughout their town treated them after the news of the bombing of Pearl Harbor. It helps to kind of shed some light on one particular girls point of view, and how she is confused on why people are being so mean to her and her family. the book also goes into some detail on how it felt to be split up from her father and how they felt like prisoners in a country they called home. The book also gives great detail of life in these camps. This particular book focused only on Manzanar, a Japanese internment camp near Mammoth. It gives good details on their cramped living situations, and how that there was no privacy, and how uncomfortable it was in the beginning. It describes that women used to put boxes over their heads in the restroom, so they didnt have to look at anyone, and it thought it would offer them a little privacy also. It talks about the games, activities, and chores that the children would play to pass the time also. It also described the mess hall, and the meals that they had to eat over and over. Another thing that really was amazing to me, is that the government tried to tell them that these camps were for their own protection, yet they were surrounded by barbed wire, and guard towers. During the final chapters of this book, the author does a great job on describing the tough time the Japanese had returning into society. After the Japanese were released from these camps and allowed to return to their homes, America still held a fear and hatred towards these people. She does a great job describing how hard it was for her to return back into society, and how the people she had known growing up looked at her, and viewed her, and all the comments and reactions that she had to listen to and take form people that she didnt even know. These camps only stopped the bleeding during the war, the after the war their release was like opening the wound again. Executive Order 9066 that President Franklin Rossevelt passed, was probably one of America darkest moments. Here is America, fighting a war in Europe, against a German government who has put Jews, and other minorities into similar camps. Grant it, these American camps were not death camps, but they made Japanese Americans live in harsh living conditions because America was afraid of these people. The government divided families, removed them from their homes and lives, and forced them to enter these camps, so that we could sleep better at night. These camps really illustrated the type of atmosphere there was in America during this time period. Most of the Japanese who were put into these camps, were Japanese Americans, and had never been to Japan, but knew about it from what they had heard from others about the country and had some of the traditions passed on to them from other generations. We segregated these people from our society out of fear and hate, from what had happened to Pearl Harbor. In this time period, America had a lot going on, and were fighting a war in both the east and

Strategic leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic leadership - Essay Example Essentially the level to which an organization can develop effective consensus, manage the transformations and sustain commitment will count a lot on the success or failure of any enterprise (Hiatt & Creasey, 2003). According to Balogun (2008) the formulation of all changes in the organization is critical components of any program to support the employees of that particular organization and the organization itself. Balogun reviews the three main elements of any organizational change. Namely: the reason behind the change, what exactly should be included in the change and the process of change (2008). The reasons behind change include those that are social, economical, cultural, political, capabilities, structural and competitive environment in which the organization operates. He says the organization has an inner context and an outer one and all of them affect the organizations operations. The culture, structure and the capabilities comprise of the inner context that affects the organ ization directly. The external is the market under which it operates: the competitiveness and the country’s political strategies (Combat Poverty Agency, 1993). This affects the organization indirectly, and many a times they got lots of weight. When Mike took over from Lee, he needed change nothing structurally from the company. He actually moved in to the same old office and retained the furniture and carpet. He explains that the organization is flexible to the changing world in terms of its employee’s capabilities and in terms of its economy (Walton, 2009). Some of the factors that ensure the company runs consistently and efficiently, include its workers who are keen on ensuring that they work towards a goal, the goal being attaining its returns upon investment. The company can motivate its workers by giving them incentives or by creating an opportunity for them to be out in the fields to create bigger sales. Either way, it can ensure that they interact with customers on a personal level to ensure they give more information to them concerning their products. How the company relates to a customer, should be based on whether a customer is regular or irregular. How they are treated, gives them the need to be back again and again. The company’s capital also drives the process of expansion efficiently. The company stepped up to buy technology during Mike’s leadership to assist in leadership (Walton, 2009). Advanced technology boosts the company’s sales. It’s through this that customers will get to know more about the company. The advertisement the company makes to sell its range of products and services

Evaluate the importance of routine in a child's devlopment Essay

Evaluate the importance of routine in a child's devlopment - Essay Example Too much waiting begets wiggle, giggle, squirm and poke.† (p. 187). These routines are set periods that come one after the other that children learn to expect as they go about their day. â€Å"Routines are the backbone of classroom life. They facilitate teaching and learning† (Shalaway, 1997, p. 25). It structures the activities and help students know what to expect and how to behave during transitions. Scheduling routines is not just listing the activities one after the other just to fill the school day. It requires careful planning and consideration of the children’s developmental needs, attention span, the variety and balance of activities and even the time of day. Planning should include transition activities from one routine to another, as it is in transition times when children may slip into rowdy behavior if they are not managed well enough. The following routines observed in a class of 4-5 year olds shall be carefully analyzed and critiqued: At first glance, the routines seem to serve only the teacher’s understanding of what happens in her day, with knowledge of what goes on in each routine. The time blocks for â€Å"taught lesson† give the impression that it is much too long for the attention span of four and five year old children, because the lesson periods are assumed to be passive, â€Å"sit-down† time for children while they listened to the teacher deliver the lessons. The time allotted for playtime, which is only for fifteen minutes reflect that this class does not value play as much as lesson time. The routine at hand does not give enough information on what the children do the whole time. It is important for a schedule of routines to be more specific in its information, and cutting down the time to budget all planned activities that goes in each routine. For example, in the first part of the day, the first forty-five minutes may include more information on what goes on during the Assembly time. Are the

Shell Oil Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Shell Oil Company - Essay Example l products, gas, chemicals and other selected businesses and to participate in the search for and development of other sources of energy to meet evolving customer needs and the world’s growing demand for energy. We believe that oil and gas will be integral to the global energy needs for economic development for many decades to come. Our role is to ensure that we extract and deliver them profitably and in environmentally and socially responsible ways. We seek a high standard of performance, maintaining a strong long-term and growing position in the competitive environments in which we choose to operate.† (Shell Oil Company) A company by the name Saudi Aramco based out of Saudi Arabia is an active partner of Shell and both these companies have been progressing. Both have seen tremendous development after they became partners. Recent activities of Shell have come under the scanner because it was believed that several birds were losing their life because of the activities of the company but the company has reduced the production of products that affected the living of birds and as an inevitable result of which it is much more environment friendly company. The company faced another big challenge in the during 1978 and 1995, polybutylene was used by the company to manufacture pipes and the same exploded one day and as a result of which many people were left homeless because of the flood caused by the pipelines. There was a lawsuit filed against the company by the people who got affected by this whole incident and the company had to shell out millions to settle this issue, the company has come a long way since then. The work culture is really good in Shell and all the employees work in harmony with each other. The work is making great progress and it is already one of the largest oil and gas producing companies in the world. â€Å"Shell Foundation Director Kurt Hoffman welcomed commitments made earlier today (6 May 2008) in London by multinational companies (MNCs) to

Thermodynamics Field Can Contribute Our Daily Life Philosophy Essay

Thermodynamics Field Can Contribute Our Daily Life Philosophy Essay The research report will describe that what is thermodynamics. What are the advantage of thermodynamics. How thermodynamics will make our life easy. The research report will show different branches of thermodynamics and how it works. The report will also highlight some histories of thermodynamics .On the other hand, there are some analysis and facts relating with our daily life easier and more efficient. Justification The main reason for choosing this report is because Im interested in the thermodynamics, which is our daily exposure. I also want to specify my study in thermodynamics, which is major branch of my study which in mechanical engineering. Nowadays, thermodynamics technology are using everywhere and they make our life more convenient. So, I want to do research how thermodynamics works and how they contribute to our daily life. 1.0 Introduction Boiling water is hot. Ice is cold. The diversity between hot and cold is detected naturally ability to sense heat and its opposite. We measure heat with a thermometer and we assign it a temperature. Dictionary definition of hot and cold relate those sensation to our normal body temperature. Warm things have temperatures above our body temperature, and cold things have temperatures below our body temperature. In this way, humans are able to compare the temperatures of things and get a subjective sense of hotness or coldness. In one sense heat is a sensation in the mind. But we know that some physical process is causing our nerves to be stimulated in this way. What is happening in nature that causes us to feel these sensation of hot and cold? It isnt only human beings who respond to heat flow and changes in temperature. Heat affects all material objects and the environment as well. Temperature determines whether most substances exist in a solid. Liquid. Or gaseous state, Heating and cooling, if it changes the temperature of a substance enough, can change the state of matter. SO basic is the phenomenon of temperature that physicist consider it a fundamental property of matter. Along with volume mass, electric charge, and time. The word thermodynamics consist of thermo, meaning heat, and dynamics, which refers to movement or change. In this broadest sense, thermodynamics is about heat and how heat moves and changes. The fact that heat move at all was itself a discovery of considerable importance. Its not at all obvious. You light a campfire and it warms you. It has heat. The fire goes out, and heat seems to disappear. Common experience will not tell you that none of that heat has really disappeared. Heat is a form of energy and energy can b neither created nor destroyed. That, as you will learn, is one of the most important of the laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is really all about the study of thermal energy and how it behaves. Over time, Scientists and engineers learned that heat energy is related to work. The classic example is the steam engine, in which heat energy is used to boil water, creating steam to push a piston attached to a rotary shaft. The shaft can then be used to turn a train wheels or a ships propeller of the machines in a factory. In this process heat energy is converted into a mechanical energy, Understanding what heat and temperature are and how energy is transformed into different forms in essential to understanding the modern industrial world and how we get thing done. As we shall see, much of our theoretical understanding of thermodynamics did not come about until people could examine the functioning of real machines like the steam engine. 2.0 History of thermodynamics The ancient Greeks believe that the world is built up of four basic elements: water, air, earth, and fire. However they did not understand the true nature of heat, the ancient Greeks learned to use it to operate simple mechanical devices. Little is known of the life of Hero of Alexandria. He wrote treatises on working with the simple machines, like the lever, the pulley, the wedge, the wheel, the gear, and the screw. He described a primitive steam engine called an aeolipile. It consisted of a reservoir of boiling water connected by a tube to a large, hollow sphere with open, bent tubes coming out of it. The sphere was attached to a gimbal so that it could rotate. Heated steam entering the hollow sphere caused it to spin as it blew the steam out of the bent tubes. The aeolipile was the first device known to transform heat into ratery motion in effect, Heros device was the first steam turbine The history of thermodynamics started with G.Galilel(1597) who introduced the theory of temperature and he also invented one of the first thermometers. It was G. Black (1770) who was the first to use the term Thermodynamics. In 1772 G. Wilke introduced the unit of measuring the a mount of heat a Calorie. It was W. Tompson (1859) who introduced term thermodynamics into conventional use. In the 20th century, thermodynamics became a basic independent division of Theoretical Physics dealing with the study of general properties of physical systems under equilibrium, as well as common regularities taking place with attaining equilibrium. Thermodynamics is divided into phenomenological and statistical thermodynamics 3.0What is thermodynamics? Thermodynamics is a division of natural science related with heat, energy and work it defines macroscopic variables that show material and radiation and explains how they are related and by what law. Thermodynamics shows the average behavior of , large numbers of small divisions. 3.1Braches of thermodynamics 3.1.1 Classical Thermodynamics Classical thermodynamics shows the changes of thermodynamic in terms, either of their time-balanced equilibrium states, or else of their continually repeated like clockwork processes, but, formally, not both in the same account. It uses only time-balanced, or equilibrium, small quantities that can measure in the laboratory, counting as time-consistence a long-term time-average of a quantity, such as a flow, achieved by a continuously repetitive process. Classical thermodynamics does not accept change over time as a central circumstance in its account of processes. An equilibrium state stands constantly without change over time, while a continuously repeated cyclic process runs repeatedly without change over time. In the classical field closely and purely in terms of cyclic action, the best internal of the working body of a cyclic process is not considered; the working body thus does not have a characterized interior thermodynamic state of its own because no expectation is made that it should be in thermodynamic stability; only its inputs and outputs of energy as heat and work are considered. It is of course possible, and absolutely common, for the result in terms of equilibrium states of a system to show cycles composed of indefinitely many equilibrium states. 3.1.2 Statistical Thermodynamics Statistical Thermodynamics, also called statistical mechanics, appeared with the development of atomic and molecular approaches in the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century. It shows an explanation of classical thermodynamics. It considers the microscopic cooperation between individual particles and their combined motions, in terms of classical or of quantum mechanics. Its explanation is in terms of data that rest on the fact the system is built of several species of particles or collective motions, the branches of each species individually being in some sense all alike. 3.1.3Laws of Thermodynamics The laws of thermodynamics are different from others. Therere altogether four of them. Theyre arranged from zero to four. Not because they are arranged by discovery in order but because they are numbered some especially. The second law is different from others and therere no effect on others. It has different formulas. The first law describe the quantity of internal energy of a system, which was found from kinetic energy and from its potential energy which relates to its surroundings. The first law describe the transferring of heat between closed system as work. The second law include two theories which is known as temperature and entropy. Entropy shows the limit which is known as irreversibility from the beginning, on the work that can reach to an external system by thermodynamics process. The effects of temperature, which halfway showed by the zeroth law, which has quantities in the direction of energy flow as heat between two system in thermal connection and which is known as comm on sense of hot and cold 3.2.1.Zeroth Law If the object A is thermally equal with object B, and B is thermally equal with C. So, the object A is thermally equal with object C. This is more a matter of relationship than of physics. If they have the same temperature, the two objects are thermally equal. If object A and object B has the same temperature, and the object B and C have the same temperature, then both A object and B object have the same temperature. The most important thing in Zeroth Law is that, when a hot and cold object are place in contact together, the thermal energy will flow from hotter to the colder object until their thermal energy will remain equilibrium. 3.2.2.First Law Lets consider the first law as an isolated system. That means heat and energy can neither leave or enter the circle. Such system does not done any work. But we can imagine it with a certain energy inside it, namely U, which depends on the kinetic of the molecular system and also the systems temperature. The internal energy is the same with potential energy because it has a property that does not work. But it still has the potential to do work. The first law describes that the internal energy of the system increases if heat is added to a system. The first law can just show another way of the laws of conservation of energy. As heat and work are another form of energy, if they go outside of the system, it will affect the internal energy of the system 3.2.3.Second Law The Second law is popular for its formulation of entropy. Entropy is a technical term for talking about confusion which is found in the 19th century. The same theory let us know that heat energy automatically flow cold from hot and theyre not flowing in the opposite direction. This also remind us that if the ordered system can turn easily into disordered system, But disordered system cannot turn easily into the ordered system themselves easily.3.2.4.Third Law The third law of thermodynamics states that if an object reaches the absolute zero absolute zero of temperature (-273C), its atoms will stop moving. 4.0How Thermodynamics Works? 4.0.1.Refrigerator In refrigerator, the cycle is continuous. In the following example, we will show that the refrigerator use pure ammonia to keep it cool, which boils at -27 degrees F. This is what happens to keep the refrigerator cool: The  compressor  compresses the ammonia gas and the compressed gas heats up as it is pressurized . The  coils  on the back of the refrigerator let the hot ammonia gas take its heat. When it reaches high pressure, the ammonia gas condenses into ammonia liquid at high pressure. The high pressured ammonia liquid flows through the  expansion valve. Theres an expansion valve with a small hole. On one side of the hole is high pressured ammonia liquid and the other side of the hole is a low-pressure area it is because the compressor is sucking gas out of that side. The liquid ammonia boils immediately and vaporizes. Its temperature dropping to -27 F. This makes the inside of the refrigerator cold. The cold ammonia gas is sucked up by the  compressor, and the repeats the circle. 4.0.2 Air Conditioner Still, the major parts of an air conditioner manage to freeze and move air in two directions: indoors and outside: Evaporator receives the liquid refrigerant Condenser which act as facilitates heat transfer Expansion valve which regulates refrigerant flow into the evaporator Compressor which is a pump that pressurizes refrigerant The cold side of an air conditioner contains and a fan that blows air over the freezed coils and into the room and the evaporator. The hot side contains the compressor, condenser and another fan to release hot air coming off the compressed cool to the outdoors. In between the two sets of coils, theres a expansion valve. It regulates the amount of compressed liquid moving into the evaporator. Once in the evaporator, the refrigerant experiences a pressure drop, expands and changes back into a gas. The compressor is a large electric pump that gives pressure the refrigerant gas as part of the process of turning it back into a liquid. 4.0.3 Microwave Oven Microwave oven uses microwaves to heat food. Microwaves are a type of wave that are between radio waves and infrared radiation on the electromagnetic circle. For the process of microwave ovens, the commonly used wave frequency is about 2,450 megahertz (2.45 gigahertz).Waves in this frequency range have an interesting effects. Theyre absorbed by water, fats and sugars. Once absorbed, theyre converted directly into atomic motion, heat. These waves have another interesting property too: Theyre not absorbed by most plastics, glass or ceramics. 5.0Advantages of using Thermodynamics The devices as shown above each of them have Advantages. By using refrigerator we can keep perishable food, such as, vegetables and milk for much longer periods. Refrigerators also have a freezing part that will keep frozen foods and make ice to use in beverages By using Air Conditioner, its more comfortable and we can adjust the indoor temperature. In extreme heat, air- conditioning can be a life saver, improves the air quality and most air conditioner also reduce the humidity level, which helps both comfort. For Microwave oven, it can cook many food about 1/4th of the time necessary on a gas burner. It saves time in heating frozen foods. Food gets cooked uniformly. 6.0 Disadvantages of using Thermodynamics Thermodynamics not only have advantages but also have disadvantages. By using refrigerator it costs a lot of electricity to run. They are also environmentally unfriendly the refrigerator also contain refrigerant that can be damaging to the environment because of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) content. This material is suspected to be the cause of reduction of earths ozone layer. When we frequently use the air conditioner, the air conditioning disease will occur. It is characterized by fatigue weakness, cough or fever and so on. Air conditioners energy consumption is considerable. It will consume a lot of energy. It also release CFC, which is environmentally unfriendly. Microwaves can cook food in very short period. Due to short period of cooking, food does not become brown unless the microwave has a browning unit. Sometimes unwanted chemicals migrate to food from plastic cook ware or food packages. The short cooking time may not give a chance of blending of flavours as in conventional methods. 7.0Recommendation As a result of the research carried out, it appears to be necessary to understand all the field of thermodynamics. Future technologies are requiring new materials with unusual effects that will either be prepared by high-temperature techniques. One of the important thing that can affect the pollution to the environment easily are the new devices. Equipment using volatile fluids that can harm to the stratosphere and destroy the ozone will have to be replaced. Devices that emit sulfur oxides will have to be modified to reduce sulfur emission to very low values. The ability of solar energy used devices will have to be improved and nuclear power plants will have to be designed to make less serious accidents. So that energy production by combustion to carbon dioxide is greatly reduced. 8.0 Conclusion The research report has taken information from various sources to understand what is thermodynamics; what are laws of thermodynamics; how they works; and how they make our life easier? It shows that thermodynamics used devices are very convenient to use. If there were no thermodynamics devices in this world it would be many difficulties to pass a day. By improving the uses and devices of thermodynamics, they can make our life more convenient and can reduce the environmental reduce the environmental side effects.

Is Mill a Rule Utilitarian? Essay -- essays research papers

D. Vinson Is Mill A Rule Utilitarian?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t believe so. I must begin my argument with two definitions and one assumption. First, Rule Utilitarianism states that right action is defined by whether or not a given action is an instance of a moral rule that tends to maximize utility. Second, Act Utilitarianism states that right action is defined by whether or not a given action maximizes utility. Finally, the Utilitarian Principle holds that right actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. I hope that my assumption will be granted as it is taken verbatim from the text. With these notions as a starting point I believe that I can now show Mill to be an act-utilitarian.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The case for Mill being a rule-utilitarian is a strong one. Mill certainly relies heavily on rules in his treatise and argues that they are useful to the point of necessity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To consider the rules of morality as improvable is one thing;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  to pass over the intermediate generalizations entirely, and to   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  endeavor to test each individual action directly by the first   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  principle is another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Further on in the text, Mill even seems to minimize the importance of the first principle by declaring that it is only useful for settling disputes ove...

Marginal Costing

What is Marginal Costing? What are its features? What are the basic assumptions made by Marginal Costing? Marginal Costing is ascertainment of the marginal cost which varies directly with the volume of production by differentiating between fixed costs and variable costs and finally ascertaining its effect on profit. The basic assumptions made by marginal costing are following: – Total variable cost is directly proportion to the level of activity. However, variable cost per unit remains constant at all the levels of activities. – Per unit selling price remains constant at all levels of activities. All the items produced by the organisation are sold off. Features of Marginal costing: – It is a method of recoding costs and reporting profits. – It involves ascertaining marginal costs which is the difference of fixed cost and variable cost. – The operating costs are differentiated into fixed costs and variable costs. Semi variable costs are also divided in the individual components of fixed cost and variable cost. – Fixed costs which remain constant regardless of the volume of production do not find place in the product cost determination and inventory valuation. Fixed costs are treated as period charge and are written off to the profit and loss account in the period incurred. – Only variable costs are taken into consideration while computing the product cost. – Prices of products are based on variable cost only. – Marginal contribution decides the profitability of the products. What are the limitations of Marginal Costing? The limitations of Marginal Costing: – The classification of total costs into fixed and variable cost is difficult. – In this technique fixed costs are totally eliminated for the valuation of inventory of finished and semi-finished goods.Such elimination affects the profitability adversely. – In marginal costing historical data is used while management decisions a re related to future events. – It does not provide any standard for the evaluation of performance. – Selling price fixed on the basis of marginal cost will be useful only for short period of time. – Assessment of profitability on the marginal cost base can be used only in the short period of time. What is Cost Volume-Profit relationship? Cost Volume-Profit (CVP) relationship is an analysis which studies the relationships between the following factors and its impact on the amount of profits. Selling price per unit and total sales amount †¢ Total cost which may be in any form i. e. fixed cost or Variable cost. -Volume of sales In simple words, CVP is a management accounting tool that expresses relationship among total sales, total cost and profit. Cost Volume-Profit relationship is one of the important techniques of cost and management accounting. It is a powerful tool which furnishes the complete picture of the profit structure and helps in planning of profi ts. It can also answer what if type of questions by telling the volume required to produce.This concept is relevant in all decision making areas, particularly in the short run. Explain P/V ratio and Contribution. P/V Ratio: P/V Ratio (Profit Volume Ratio) is the ratio of contribution to sales which indicates the contribution earned with respect to one rupee of sales. It also measures the rate of change of profit due to change in volume of sales. Its fundamental property is that if per unit sales price and variable cost are constant then P/V Ratio will be constant at all the levels of activities. A change in fixed cost does not affect P/V Ratio. It is calculated as under: Contribution * 100) / Sales (Change in profits * 100) / (Change in sales) A high P/V Ratio indicates that a slight increase in sales without increase in fixed costs will result in higher profits. A low P/V ratio which indicates low profitability can be improved by increasing selling price, reducing marginal costs or selling products having high P/V ratio. Contribution: It is the difference between sales revenue and variable cost (also known as variable cost). Variable cost is the important cost in deciding profitability as fixed costs are ignored by marginal costing. It can be expressed in two ways: Sales Revenue – Variable Cost †¢ Fixed Cost + Profit The situation generating higher contribution is treated as a profitable situation. Explain Break Even Point. How does BEP help in making business decision? Break Even Point (BEP) is a volume of sales where there is neither loss nor profit. That means contribution is enough to cover the fixed costs. Thus, we can say that Contribution = Fixed Cost Any contribution generated after BEP will directly result into profits as the fixed costs are fully covered now. BEP can be computed in two ways: In terms of Quantity- Fixed Costs / Contribution per unitIn terms of Amount- (Fixed Costs) / (P/V Ratio) BEP (Break Even Point) is the situation whe re there is neither loss nor profit. At this stage, the contribution is enough to cover the fixed costs i. e contribution is equal to fixed cost. Contribution generated after the break even point will result in profits for the organisation. Profit maximization is the motive of every organisation. Thus, every organisation use BEP as a base to take various decisions in regard to its sales volume and tries to increase it so that total fixed costs can be covered as early as possible and more profits can be earned.Explain Margin of Safety. Margin of Safety is the amount of sales which generates profit. In other words, sales beyond Break Even Point are known as Margin of Safety. It is calculated as the difference between total sales and the break even sales. It can be expressed in monetary terms or number of units. It can be expressed as below: Margin of Safety = Sales – Break Even Sales = Sales – {(Fixed Cost) / (P/V Ratio)} = ((Sales * (P/V) Ratio) – Fixed Cost) / ( P/V) Ratio = (Contribution – Fixed Cost) / (P/V) Ratio = Profit / (P/V) RatioThe size of margin of safety is an extremely important guide to the financial strength of a business. If margin of safety is large, which indicates that BEP is much below the actual sales, that means business is in a sound condition and reduction in sales will not affect the profit of the business. On the other hand, if margin of safety is low, any loss of sales may be a serious matter. Thus, efforts need to be made to reduce fixed costs, variable costs or increasing the selling price or sales volume to improve contribution and overall P/V Ratio.

Chinua Achebe essays

Chinua Achebe essays One of the most highly known African authors today is the Nigerian born Chinua Achebe. Chinua Achebe's main focus in his writings was to tell about the African experience, but in a completely different way previous authors wrote. The works of Achebe painted a picture of how life changed for Africans due to the impact of European culture on African society, and described the struggles of his people to free themselves from European influences. Many critics saw Chinua Achebe as a visionary, while others saw him as a voice for the Nigerian culture, giving him the reputation as the "father of the African novel in English." When England sent colonizers and missionaries to Africa, it had a great effect on African tribal life, and on Chinua Achebe. Achebe became slightly interested in British culture, and began reading English writings; only to be disgusted with the message British authors were trying to get across. Achebe learned that English authors saw Africans as "inhumane savages" that needed to be saved (Carroll 68.) Angry with the English writings, Achebe decided to answer back by writing his first novel, Things Fall Apart, in 1958, to counteract the distortions of English literature about Africa. In Things Fall Apart, Achebe tells the story of an Ibo village of the late 1800s and one of its great men, a warrior named Okonkwo. Okonkwo is a champion wrestler, a wealthy farmer, a husband to three wives, a title holder among his people, and a member of the select egwugwu, whose members impersonate ancestral spirits at tribal rituals. However life changes dramatically for the Ibo society and Ok onkwo with the arrival of British colonizers and missionaries, also known as the "white" man. The order of the Ibo society is disrupted with the appearance of the "white" man in Africa and with the introduction of "white" religion (Carroll 77-78.) Okonkwo, who is looked upon highly by his people, is unable to adapt to the changes that ac...

Impacts of globalization on strategies of international businesses

Impacts of globalization on strategies of international businesses Introduction Globalization is a reference often used by a lot of people and is defined in various ways. It means the rising fusion of the globe’s trade and Industry order by way of cutback of such hurdles to global business as levies, export charges and import rations. The aim is to add to material affluence, commodities and services by way of an intercontinental sharing out of effort through good organization(s) enhanced by global associations, specialism and contention (Chapman, 2009, p. 27).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of globalization on strategies of international businesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It depicts the means through which area financial systems, civilizations, and customs have turned out to be incorporated by way of communication, haulage, and doing business. The reference is for the most part directly linked with the reference economic globalization. This refers to the ama lgamation of state-run financial systems into the intercontinental economy by way f buying and selling, overseas direct venture, resources flows, migration, the broadening of expertise, and armed forces being there. Nevertheless, globalization is normally made out as being caused by a blend of financial, scientific, socio-cultural, opinionated and organic features. The reference can also point to the worldwide flow of initiatives, lingos, or popular culture by way of assimilation. A feature of the globe that has undergone the course can be said to be globalized. As a result globalization, it is imperative that businesses and various other ventures have to alter their way of doing things so as to stay afloat or survive in the marketplace. This means that they need to rethink their strategies in order to incorporate the reality of globalization. International marketplaces and especially the surfacing ones present lucrative prospects (Hanksworth Cookson, 2010). For a lot of businesses it is the single front for advancement as subsisting marketplaces get established with a small number of opportunities for lucrative chances. As international markets develop by way of the rising use of the World Wide Web and with enhanced delivery chains, it is probable that there are a lot of unexploited sectors around the globe that would open to a transnational firm, in spite of the trade. Progressively, the globe is turning out to be an accessible international business place. To stop production, selling, and offering services at one’s home-base boundaries is not just whimsical, but also ill-judged. Intercontinental marketing and existence is mostly characterized majorly in conditions of the echelon of participation of the firm in the worldwide marketplace, and sell overseas, transnational and worldwide marketing are most extensively mulled over. As a result, these are the major areas in which the strategies of any international venture or one that aims to go that way n eed to ponder over.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Globalization and global marketing Local and even multinational firms need to build up global selling tactics as globalization becomes enhanced the more so as to perk up business performance by way of augmentation and reinforcing their cut-throat advantage. There needs to be crafted various tactics for various markets in order to have a feel of these markets. The various strategies as well assist the firm have an improved consideration of the way in which the various markets work. The various markets are vital as they assist in presenting to the firm the ways and features of the markets and as a result the firm can be in a position to change in the altered surroundings (Gordon, 2004, p. 36). Coming up with various tactics will assist any firm in making certain that it stumbles upon minor difficulties while embarki ng on a new market. Through employing various tactics the firm will not have given anything that will give it more setbacks. The strategies that firms will use in this case will have to bear in mind the kind of environment in which they conduct business. For instance, in urbanized nations it is to some extent easier to get in as they normally have totally up to date infrastructure, supply and various other aspects, which are the helping features. The case is not the same in developing economies. In such cases the strategies will have to be a bit different from the ones employed in developed nations. A more bendable advance is called for; reason being that in such set ups there tends to be more of resentment of their state privileges and less sophisticated in their infrastructure. All that the strategists of various businesses willing to conduct their trade in such set ups need to know is that the sales prospects of such areas are pretty sizable. Such markets can be exploited product ively so long as the business is prepared to find its feet. Globalization has had and will continue influencing the strategies of international businesses as has been observed by business experts since 2006. It has been seen that the most flourishing intercontinental ventures are assertively building their universal strategies around given theses, failure of which they risk losing out to their competitors. Strategies have to change due to the greater than before market contact due to the opening up of markets in places such as China and Europe (Bhagwati, 2004, p. 41). There needs to be aggression in marketing and the services and commodities offered need not to run out at crucial times. Still on the global markets and their prospects, crafted strategies have to bear in mind the greater than before market chances. These are as a result of the exemption of lots of markets, such as the monetary market and denationalization of state-owned utilities. New tactics have got to ensure homoge ny of business standards in order to remain relevant. For instance, this is highly encouraged by the European Union. As a result, businesses out to venture into this region have to at least meet the set standards at the minimum. Another shift in strategy for international businesses in the face of globalization is in the obtaining of commodities, components and services from a broader array of countries, especially those up-and-coming markets with a far above the ground proportion of expertise to cost.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Impacts of globalization on strategies of international businesses specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, it will be more lucrative to invest in a place where there is cheap and available labor for labor-intensive firms. Businesses that hope to remain afloat have to shift to more internationally standardized commodities and services, especially in sectors of new-fangled expertis e. This is due to the high rate of adoption of latest trends and equipment. As a matter of fact, this has to be carried out without fail in more culturally responsive commodity sectors, like that of food. Businesses specializing in sectors of information technology have got to be careful with the expenses of exploration(s) and advancement (Fiss Hirsch, 2005, p. 29). This falls under regular expertise that is utilized in many more markets and if the associated expenses are far above the ground then such costs have got to be met through trade in a lot of countries. Globalization will as well lead to a shift in the strategies of international businesses due to comparable client needs. This will definitely call for international client sections, being as a result of enhanced communication and movement. Strategies of businesses of such caliber have no choice but to take this into consideration. Globalization has led to and will keep enhancing the mutuality of markets. This is mainly as a consequence of the rivalry from similar firms in each key market. This means that marketing strategies of any venture in such set up(s) will have to grapple with this. In as much as there are rivalries for market(s), there have been seen emerging international organization strategies that all the time more treat the globe as one market. It has been observed that businesses that are doing good have taken advantage of this and thus, strategies will have to go this way even in future. With globalization comes transnational and multicultural administration. This has been a key challenge to businesses and their administrators. An international business set up is extra intricate with more variables, and thus becomes trickier to run (Globalization and business, 2010). Leadership strategies in international businesses will have to take this into consideration and draft guidelines that will ensure people from various countries and cultural backgrounds are able to work in harmony and achiev e set goals for prosperity. Conclusion As national boundaries become less essential, international businesses have all the chances for growth so long as they put in place strategies that will ensure they are ever on the rise. Consumers of various commodities and services are becoming more identical as the world develops. Bibliography Bhagwati, J. (2004). In Defense of Globalization. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chapman, R. (2009). Culture wars: an encyclopedia of issues, viewpoints, and voices, Volume 1. 2009: M.E.Sharp. Fiss, Peer and Hirsch, Pal. (2005). The Discourse of Globalization: Framing and Sensemaking of an Emerging Concept. American Sociological Review, 2005. vol. 70 no 1: 29–52. Globalization and business (2010). Web. Gordon, P. (2004). Globalization: Europes Wary Embrace. Yale Global. Hanksworth John and Cookson, G. The World in 2050, Beyond the BRICs: a broader look at emerging market growth prospects. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Web. Held, David. McGrew Anthony. (2001). â€Å"Globalization†, in The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World by Joel Krieger Oxford University Press.

Personal Commitment to Respecting Cultural Differences and Avoiding Essay

Personal Commitment to Respecting Cultural Differences and Avoiding Cultural Bias - Essay Example In their discussion of the role of culture in individual behavior, Tillman and Kirkpatrick (1972) argue that the culture explains variance in human behavior. Culture is defined by Tillman and Kirkpatrick (1972) as the set of concepts to which a common valence is attached by a large number of individuals. So a certain individual's values reflect the goals and valences of that person's culture. Therefore, since consumer trust has been noted as a concept of individual behavior above, it becomes important to understand the values of that culture. Culture is the sum total of capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society, encompassing their knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, and customs. Multicultural education is derived from the classical term "Intercultural Education" that began in the late 1920's with the premise of: "the acknowledgement of the diverse population of the United States, and the intent to help students understand the world and the American society in which they live" through education of the ethnic backgrounds and cultural variances of immigrant populations being educated in the United States (Volk p 3 1998). This developed towards the current definition as 'Multicultural Education" through 1970's as educators formed the belief that understanding the values and variances of culture would assist in educating children. Multicultural education should therefore support the concepts of culture as part of the educational curriculum. It seeks to support and extend on the learned behaviours of culture that define the variances between human social structures. While this can be viewed as an ambiguous and intrinsic concepts, there are also physical characteristics of culture that can be implemented into the education structure, such as symbols, heroes (stories) and rituals. Furthermore, multicultural education can not stop simple at the value of culture, it also encompasses concepts such as language, social class (poor vs. rich), disability and gender with the conviction that multicultural education is a strategy wherein the cultural heritage of each child is valued. The concept of multicultural education is to take the components of culture, incorporate the differences of people, and implement an educative curriculum that a celebration and experience of who we are, as individuals and as society. Effect of Cultures on Multicultural Education Martinez (2006) found that teachers and high school students believe that embracing diversity is important because it leads to social justice. Martinez concludes that for students, diversity was referred to the ways in which students differ from each other, including gender, age, ethnicity, race, religion,

QUALITATIVE Report - research technique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

QUALITATIVE Report - research technique - Essay Example Modern medical definitions describe alcoholism as a disease and addiction which results in a persistent use of alcohol despite negative consequences. While the ingestion of alcohol is, by definition, necessary to develop alcoholism, the use of alcohol does not predict the development of alcoholism. It is estimated that 9% of the general population is predisposed to alcoholism based on genetic factors. The quantity, frequency and regularity of alcohol consumption required to develop alcoholism varies greatly from person to person. In addition, although the biological mechanisms underpinning alcoholism are uncertain, some risk factors, including social environment, stress, emotional health, genetic predisposition, age, and gender have been identified. For example, those who consume alcohol at an early age, by age 16 or younger, are at a higher risk of alcohol dependence or abuse. Also, studies indicate that the proportion of men with alcohol dependence are higher than that of the proportion of women, 7% and 2.5% respectively, although women are more vulnerable to long-term consequences of alcoholism. Denial is a defense mechanism in which a person is faced with a fact that is too uncomfortable to accept, which prompts the individual to reject it instead, insisting that it is not true despite what may be overwhelming evidence to the contrary. The concept of denial is particularly important to the study of addiction, including alcohol dependence. Several years later, those who have received treatments and recovered from alcoholism continue to drink alcohol, insisting that there is no problem with their dependence and they are functioning normally. Most alcoholics enjoy being social drinkers. Frequently, they spend much of their time, as well as their effort, in controlling or curbing their drinking habits. They may attempt to drink only during the end of the week

Singapores Energy Diplomacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Singapores Energy Diplomacy - Essay Example Being an economy with almost no natural resources, the country Singapore is more exposed to the threat of rising energy cost . This threat actually affects the national economy in a huge way. For that reason it is very crucial for the country to take necessary steps so that the energy efficiency is increased. In the month of October, 2002, at the Energy Forum, the Deputy Minister of Trade, Industry and Foreign Affairs of Singapore, Mr. Raymond Lim mentioned that the country would be projecting a three-phase response to combat the energy challenges . The first step, which was proposed by the deputy minister, stated that the industry base of the country should be strengthened by the up gradation and improvement of the oil-refining sector of the country . The first statement also focused on the development of the supporting functions for these oil refineries. The supporting components include promotion of e-business, proper supply-chain and logistic management, a development in the fiel d of information science and promotion of international oil trading. In his second recommendation the deputy minister stressed on the fact that for a country like Singapore, fighting against the energy crisis is important to develop a hub for alternative energy sources . The high-end alternative energy plans, which Mr. Lim proposed, were fuel cell technology and hydrogen economy. These technologies include test-bedding, manufacturing of the system for producing fuel cells and eventually marketing these products.The third and the final proposition focused on the liberalization and the improvement of energy efficiency of the country and also optimizing the usage of the un-renewable energy sources.

Rocky Gognon General Contarctor Essay Example for Free

Rocky Gognon General Contarctor Essay Rocky Gagnon is 50 years old carpenter who wants to make some changes for the way he earns his money. Due to his health condition especially his back, instead of working hard physically, he wants to work with his mind by creating an effective house-building team which includes various type of construction workers. Gagnon wants to continue his life as a general contractor, but as a general contractor he encounters some problems of building a team; therefore he has hired a well-known and respected business professor from the local community to serve as an adviser and mediator. Most of the problems he faces are due to a lack of cohesiveness and cooperation between the contractors which create big problems to form an effective work team. Rocky Gagnon must know the stages of developing a group such as forming, storming, norming and performing. All contractors should work together for one common goal and they should respect to work of each other. It is very important to know that level of respect should come from one individual with the organization. The best solution is Rocky Gagnon as a leader should inform the team of what it takes to establish effective work team. The team must educate on understanding of roles and group norms, common goals, a positive team identity, good working relationship, shared responsibility, respect, positive energy, trust, willingness to cooperate, unity, good communication, pride in membership, and synergy. An effective team and leadership will reduce the problems of the work team. Rocky Gagnon should also know how to build a team. A team has a small number of people with good skills who are committed to a same purpose, set of performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. Work teams, project and development teams, parallel teams, management teams, transnational teams and virtual teams are the example of team types.

Economic thought from ancient societies

Economic thought from ancient societies INTRODUCTION The oriental school of economic thought basically deals with the study of the origin of economic thought from various ancient societies including the Hindu, Hebrew, Indian, Roman, Greek, and Islamic societies. It has been observed that the main area looked into by the Hebrews and Hindus was based on agricultural economics and all this information was drawn from the writing of the pious law givers who were present at the time. These ancient writings consisted of ideas on various economic aspects such as: division of labour, cottage industries, forest and mines, trade and trading practices, concept of wealth, transport, banking and loans, etc. Some of the writers who also played a role in the development of this economic thought include Roman writers such as Cicero, Pliny Gato, Varro and Columella. During this period, and until the industrial revolution, economics was not a separate discipline but part of philosophy. Its evolution into a distinct discipline of study in the social sciences can be attributed greatly to these early writers. Roman law also developed the contract recognizing that planning and commitments over time are necessary for efficient production and trade. This large body of law was unified as the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 530s AD by Justinian, who was Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. In Ancient India, Chulavamsa records that Parakramabahu of Sri Lanka had debased the currency of Ancient Sri Lanka in order to produce money to support this large scale infrastructure projects. Parakramabahu also pioneered free trade during his reign. Many of the topics discussed during these ancient times are still prevalent in modern economics, including discussions on the management of a solid and efficient economy and the ethics of economics. These ancient thoughts als o focused on issues of welfare, for instance, redistribution of wealth during a famine. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Ancient economic thought is very much wide and its study provides a broad basis for comparison of the ancient approach to economic issues as compared to issues arising in the modern world economies. The large number of ancient thinkers who contributed to this thought differed in beliefs and practices. Also, information on some of these ancient cultural-economic practices is very scanty and thus makes this enquiry into the oriental school of economic thought necessary so as to be able to get a better understanding of the underlying economic issues of both the past and present. JUSTIFICATION With the evolution of economics, many writers have come up with different theories about different areas in the subject. So as to be able to critically assess these different theories and understand the unity which connects us with the ancient times, knowledge on the origin of the early stages of economic thought is necessary for one to be able to take a well informed and unbiased stand on contentious economic issues arising today and hence the need for this study. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To understand the principles and concepts of the oriental school of economic thought. To know the key contributors of ancient economic thought. To evaluate and criticize how the ancient societies carried out their economic activities. To find out the major contributions of the oriental school of thought to the body of knowledge that exists today. To get a clearer understanding of the position of economics as a distinct member of a group of social sciences. Ancient near East Economic organizations in the earliest civilizations of the Fertile Crescent were driven by the need to efficiently grow crops in the river basins. The Euphrates and Nile Valleys were homes to earliest examples of codified measurements written in base 60 and Egyptian fractions. Keepers of royal granaries and absentee Egyptian land owners reported in the Heganakht Papyri. Historians of this period note that the major tool of accounting for agrarian societies, the sales used to measure grain inventory, reflected dual religious and ethical symbolic meaning. The Erlenmeyer tablets give a picture of Sumerian production in the Euphrates valley around 2, 200 2, 100 B.C., and shows an understanding of the relationship between grain and labour inputs (valued in female labour days) and outputs and an emphasis on efficiency. Egyptians measured work output in man-days. The development of sophisticated economic administration continued in the Euphrates and Nile Valleys during the Babylonian Empi re and Egyptian Empires when trading units spread through the Near East within monetary systems. Egyptian fraction and base 60 monetary units were extended in use and diversity to Greek, early Islamic culture, and medieval cultures. By 1202 A.D, Leonardo Pisa Fibonacci use of zero and Vedic-Islamic numerals motivated Europeans to apply zero as an exponent, birthing modern decimals 350 years later. The city states of Sumer developed a trade market economy based originally on the commodity money of the shekel which was a certain weight measure of barley, while the Babylonians and their city state neighbours later developed the earliest system of economics using a metric of various commodities, which was fixed in a legal code. The early law codes from Sumer could be considered the first (written) economic formula, and had many attributes still in use in the current price system today, such as codified amounts of money for business deals (interest rates), fines in money for wrong doing, inheritance rules, laws concerning how private property is to be taxed or divided, etc. Ancient Greco-Roman world Some prominent classical scholars assert that relevant economic thought was based on metaphysical principles which are incommensurate with contemporary dominant economic theories such as neo-classical economics. However, several ancient Greek and Roman thinkers made various economic observations especially Aristotle and Xenophon. Many other Greek writings show understanding of sophisticated economic concepts. For instance, a form of Greshams law is presented in Aristophanes Frogs, and beyond Platos application of sophisticated mathematical advances influenced by the Pythagoreans in his appreciation of flat money in his Laws: (742 a-b) and in the pseudo-Platonic dialogue, Eryxlas. Bryson of Heraclea was a neo-platonic who is cited as having heavily influenced early Muslim economic scholarship. The influence of Babylonian and Persian thought on Greek administrative economics is present in the work of Greek historian Xenophon. Discussions of economic principles are especially present in his Oeconomicus, his biography of Cyrus the Great, Cyropaedia, Hiero and Ways and Means. Hiero is a minor work which includes discussion of leaders stimulating private production and technology through various means including public recognition and awarding of prizes. Ways and Means is a short treatise on economic development, and showed an understanding of the importance of taking advantage of economies of scale and advocated laws promoting foreign merchants. The Oeconomicus disc uses the administration of agricultural land. In the work, subjective personal value of goods is analyzed and compared with exchange value; Xenophon gives an example of a horse which may be of no use to a person who does not know how to handle it, but still has exchange value. In Cyropaedia, Xenophon presents what in hindsight can be seen as the foundation for a theory of fair exchange in the market which will result in the analysis of better fit or suitability to either party who wants to purchase the same item. Xenophon discusses the concept of division of labour, referencing specialized cooks and workers in a shoe making shop. Marx attributes to Cyropaedia the idea that the division of labour correlates to the size of a market. Roman law developed the contract recognizing that planning and commitments over time are necessary for efficient production and trade. Ancient India Chulavamsa records that Parakramabahu I of Sri Lanka had debased the currency of Ancient Sri Lanka in order to produce monies to support his large scale infrastructure projects. Parakramabahu I also pioneered free trade during his reign, a war was fought with Burma to defend free trade. Chanakya (c. 350 BC 275 BC) considered economic issues. He was a professor of Political Science at the Takshashila University of Ancient India, and later the Prime Minister of the Mauryan Emperor, Chandragupta Maurya. He wrote the Arthashastra (science of material gain). Many of the topics discussed in the Arthashastra are still prevalent in modern economics, including its discussions in the management of an efficient and solid economy. Chanakya also focuses on issues of welfare, for instance, redistribution of wealth during a famine and the collective ethics that hold a society together. The Arthashastra argues for an autocracy managing an efficient or solid economy. The qualities described are in effect that of a command economy. It discusses the ethics of economics and the duties and obligations of a king. Chanakya writes on the economic duties of a king: The king shall be ever active in the management of the economy. The root of wealth is economic activity and lack of it brings material distress. In the absence of fruitful economic activity, both current prosperity and future growth will be destroyed. A king can achieve the desired objectives and abundance of riches by undertaking productive economic activity. Ancient China Ideal and effective economic policy was long sort for in ancient China, one of the greatest early reformers being the Emperor Qin Shi Huang (r. 221 BC 210 BC), who standardized coin currency throughout the old warring states once he unified them under a strong central bureaucracy (which the Zhou dynasty had always lacked). However, one of the greatest reformists in China lived during the medieval Song dynasty (960 1279 AD), that being Chancellor Wang Anshi (1021 1086 AD). Wang Anshis political faction of the New Policies Group enacted a series of reforms that centered on military reform, bureaucratic reform and economic reform. The economic reforms included low cost loans for farmers who he considered the backbone of the Chinese economy in terms of production of goods and the greatest source of the land tax. Replacing the corvee labour service with a tax instead, he enacted government monopolies on crucial industries producing tea, salt, and wine, introduction of local militia to ease the budget spending on the official standing army of one million troops and the establishment of a Finance Planning Commission staffed largely by political loyalists so that his reforms could pass quickly with less time for conservatives to oppose it in court. Medieval Islamic World To some degree, the early Muslims based their economic analyses on the Quran (such as the opposition of riba, interest) and from Sunnah, the sayings and doings of Muhammad. Early Muslim thinkers, Al-Ghazali (1058 1111 A.D.) classified economics as one of the sciences connected with religion, along with metaphysics, ethics and psychology. Authors have noted, however, that this connection has not caused early Muslim economic thought to remain static. Persian philosopher Nasir al-Din-al-Tusi (1201 1274) presents an early definition of economics (what he calls Hekmat-e-madani, the science of city life) in discourse three of his ethics: the study of universal laws governing the public interest welfare: in so far as they are directed, through cooperation, toward the optimal (i.e. perfection). Many scholars trace the history of economic thought through the Muslim world, which was in a Golden Age from the 8th to 13th century and whose philosophy continued the work of the Greek Hellenistic thinkers and came to influence Aquinas when Europe rediscovered Greek philosophy through Arabic translation. A common theme among these scholars was the praise of economic activity and even self-interested accumulation of wealth. The influence of earlier Greek and Hellenistic thought on the Muslim world began largely when Abbasid Caliph al-Mamun, who sponsored the translation of Greek texts into Arabic in the 9th century by Syrian Christians in Baghdad. But already by that time numerous Muslim scholars had written on economic issues, and early Muslim leaders had shown sophisticated attempts to enforce fiscal and monetary financing, use of deficit financing, use of taxes to encourage production, use of credit instruments for banking, including rudimentary savings and checking of accounts, a nd contract law. The origins of capitalism and free markets can be traced back to Caliphate where the first market economy and earliest form of merchant capitalism took root between the 8th and 12th centuries, which some refer to as Islamic capitalism. A vigorous monetary economy was created on the basis of expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar) and the integration of monetary areas that were previously independent. Innovative new business techniques and forms of business organizations were introduced by economists, merchants and traders during this time. Such innovations included the earliest trading companies, credit cards, big businesses, contracts, bills of exchange, long distance, international trade, the first forms of partnerships and the earliest forms of credit, debt, profit, loss, capital (al-mal), capital accumulation (nama-al-mal), circulating capital, capital expenditure, revenue, cheques, promissory notes, trusts, startup companies, savings accounts, transactional accounts, pawning, loaning, exchange rates, bankers, money changers, ledgers, deposits, assignments, the double entry bookkeeping system, and lawsuits. MAIN FINDINGS After going through the history of the oriental school of thought in the previous section, the following economic aspects come out clearly as having been discovered and practiced by these early thinkers: The Concept of Production and Technology Ancient leaders stimulated private production and technology through various means including public recognition and awarding of prizes to successful inventors and producers. Economies of Scale Ways and Means was a short treatise on economic development written by Xenophon, which showed an understanding of the importance of taking advantage of economies of scale in production activity and advocated for laws promoting foreign merchants. Administration of Agricultural Land Agriculture was considered the most dignified occupation. In ancient India, the state took a leading part in developing agriculture and also demanded a fixed share of the gross produce. Price system The early law codes from Sumer were the first (written) economic formula, and had many attributes still in use in the current price system today, such as codified amounts of money for business deals (interest rates), fines in money for wrong doing, inheritance rules, laws concerning how private property is to be taxed or divided, etc. Grain and Labour Inputs Relationship The Erlenmeyer tablets gave a picture of Sumerian production in the Euphrates valley around 2, 200 2, 100 B.C., and showed an understanding of the relationship between grain and labour inputs (valued in female labour days) and outputs and an emphasis on efficiency in production. Output of Work The Egyptians measured work output in man-days. Monetary Units The Egyptian fraction and base 60 monetary units were extended in use and diversity to Greek, early Islamic culture, and medieval cultures. By 1202 A.D, Leonardo Pisa Fibonacci use of zero and Vedic-Islamic numerals motivated Europeans to apply zero as an exponent, birthing modern decimals 350 years later and hence the development of monetary units. Value Subjective personal value of goods was analyzed and compared with exchange value. Xenophon gave an example of a horse which may be of no use to a person who does not know how to handle it, but still has exchange value. Theory of Fair Exchange Xenophon presented what in hindsight could be seen as the foundation of a theory of fair exchange in the market which will result in the analysis of better fit or suitability to either party who wants to purchase the same item. Division of Labour Xenophon discussed the concept of division of labour, with reference to specialized cooks and workers in a shoe making shop who specialised in different tasks. Free Trade Parakramabahu I pioneered free trade during his reign, this is evident because a war was fought with Burma to defend free trade in ancient India. Welfare In India the leaders insisted on ensuring that the population as a whole has to be well looked after. For example, Chanakya focused on issues of welfare, for instance, redistribution of wealth during a famine and the collective ethics that held a society together. Standardized Coin Currency Emperor Qin Shi Huang of Ancient China, standardized coin currency throughout the old warring states after he unified them under a strong central bureaucracy. Low Cost Loans For Farmers In Ancient China Wang Anshis political faction of the New Policies Group enacted a series of reforms that centered on military reform, bureaucratic reform and economic reform. The economic reforms included low cost loans for farmers whom he considered to be the backbone of the Chinese economy in terms of production of goods and the greatest source of the land tax. Land Tax This was a source of revenue for the Ancient Chinese government from farmers, because during that period agriculture was the main driver of the economy. Fiscal and Monetary Financing The Muslim leaders enforced various policy measures including fiscal and monetary financing, use of deficit financing, use of taxes to encourage production and use of credit instruments for banking. Banking The early Muslim leaders had shown sophisticated attempts indlucing rudimentary savings and checking accounts, and contract law. Monetary Economy Between the 8th and 12th centuries, which some refer to as the period of Islamic capitalism, a vigorous monetary economy was created on the basis of expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar) and the integration of monetary areas that were previously independent of each other. SUGGESTIONS The social organization manifested by the ancient civilizations should be critically looked at and applied to solve some socioeconomic problems still present today, especially in the developing nations. The organization of government and formulation of policies during the ancient times leaves a lot to be admired. Governments of the modern economies should pick some of these values. The concept of politics being looked at separately from economics and policy formulation should be followed in todays modern economies for faster development and equality in the distribution of wealth. Welfare economics should be taken as seriously as it was taken in ancient times. For example, during periods of drought or famine, governments should not let particular groups of people suffer and instead they should distribute the available resources to the entire population. CONCLUSION Theres no question or doubt as to whether ancient economic philosophies are still in extensive use today. The modern economy has evolved over centuries to become what it is today. The study of the history of economic thought enables the student to appreciate the contributions various writers have made to development of economics as a discipline. Although ancient economic theories were sometimes unclear, contradictory, or presented in a rudimentary manner, they form the basis of economic analysis today. These theories are still being used today by the worlds largest and most complicated and sophisticated economies. BIBLIPGRAPHY Falgas, Matthew E.; Zarkadoulia, A. Effie, (2006). Arab Science in the Golden Age (750-1258) and Today. The FASEB Journal 20(10): 1581-1586. Hosseini, S. Hamid (2003). Contributions of Medieval Muslim Scholars to the History of Economic Thought and their Impact: A Refutation of the Schumpeterian Great Gap. S. Lowry (2003). Ancient Medieval Economics. In Biddle, Jeff E.; Davis, Jon B.; Samuels, Warren J.A Companion to the History of Economic Thought. Malden, MA: Blackwell pp. 11-27. Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). History of Economic Analysis. New York, Oxford University Press.